PL EN
PRACA ORYGINALNA
Czy zasoby to wszystko? Wydajność i technologia w wyjaśnianiu przewagi angielskiej Premier League nad polską Ekstraklasą
 
Więcej
Ukryj
1
Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Poland
 
 
Data nadesłania: 17-08-2025
 
 
Data ostatniej rewizji: 05-12-2025
 
 
Data akceptacji: 09-12-2025
 
 
Data publikacji: 30-09-2026
 
 
Autor do korespondencji
Karolina Nessel   

Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Poland
 
 
GNPJE 2026;327(3):67-83
 
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
KODY KLASYFIKACJI JEL
STRESZCZENIE
Badanie porównuje efektywność techniczną i poziom technologiczny profesjonalnych klubów piłkarskich z polskiej Ekstraklasy oraz angielskiej Premier League w sezonach 2021–2023. Wykorzystując model oparty na Slack-Based Model w ramach meta-frontier Data Envelopment Analysis, oceniono dwa rezultaty – wyniki sportowe (ranking Elo) oraz wyniki finansowe (łączny przychód) – w odniesieniu do dwóch nakładów: wydatków na wynagrodzenia zawodników (lub, w alternatywnym modelu, wartości rynkowej kadry) oraz historycznej pozycji w lidze. Wyniki wskazują, że obie ligi charakteryzują się podobną średnią efektywnością techniczną (≈0,8) i funkcjonują na tej samej granicy technologicznej. Różnice w wynikach między ligami wynikają zatem przede wszystkim z różnic w zasobach, a nie z technologicznej lub menedżerskiej niewydolności. Analiza benchmarkingowa wskazuje Brentford jako klub o najbardziej konsekwentnie utrzymywanej efektywności, natomiast Everton, Aston Villa, Śląsk Wrocław i Zagłębie Lubin wykazują utrzymującą się nieskuteczność.
REFERENCJE (65)
1.
Aigner D., Lovell C.A.K., Schmidt P. [1977], Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models, Journal of Econometrics, 6 (1): 21–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4....
 
2.
Banker R.D., Charnes A., Cooper W. W. [1984], Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis, Management Science, 30 (9): 1078–1092, https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.3....
 
3.
Barros C.P., Douvis J. [2009], Comparative analysis of football efficiency among two small European countries: Portugal and Greece, International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 6 (2): 183–199, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.....
 
4.
Barros C. P., Garcia-del-Barrio P., Leach S. [2009], Analysing the technical efficiency of the Spanish football league first division with a random frontier model, Applied Economics, 41 (25): 3239–3247, https://doi.org/10.1080/000368....
 
5.
Battese G. E., Prasada Rao D. S., O’Donnell C. J. [2004], A metafrontier production function for estimation of technical efficiencies and technology gaps for firms operating under different technologies, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 21 (1): 91–103, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PROD....
 
6.
Battese G. E., Rao D. S.P. [2002], Technology gap, efficiency, and a stochastic metafrontier function, International Journal of Business and Economics, 1 (2): 87–93.
 
7.
Bolos V. J., Benitez R., Coll-Serrano V. [2025], Conventional and fuzzy data envelopment analysis with deaR, arXiv preprint, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv....
 
8.
Boto-García D., Varela-Quintana C., Muñiz A. [2023], Foreign players, team production, and technical efficiency: evidence from European soccer, Bulletin of Economic Research, 75 (4): 1209–1241, https://doi.org/10.1111/boer.1....
 
9.
Carmichael F., McHale I., Thomas D. [2011], Maintaining market position: team performance, revenue and wage expenditure in the English Premier League, Bulletin of Economic Research, 63 (4): 464–497, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467....
 
10.
Charnes A., Cooper W. W., Rhodes, E. [1978], Measuring the efficiency of decision making units, European Journal of Operational Research, 2 (6): 429–444, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2....
 
11.
Chatziparaskevas P., Saprikis V., Antoniadis I. [2024], The impact of information systems and data science on management in modern professional football: moneyball theory and the development model of Brentford FC, AIP Conference Proceedings, 3220 (1): 50011, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0237....
 
12.
Cifuentes-Faura J. [2022], Efficiency and transparency of Spanish football clubs: a non-parametric approach, Managerial and Decision Economics, 43 (6): 1850–1860, https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.34....
 
13.
Cook W. D., Seiford L. M. [2009], Data envelopment analysis [DEA] – Thirty years on, European Journal of Operational Research, 192 (1): 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor....
 
14.
Csató L. [2024], Club coefficients in the UEFA Champions League: time for shift to an Elo-based formula, International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 24 (2): 119–134, https://doi.org/10.1080/247486....
 
15.
Debreu G. [1951], The coefficient of resource utilisation, Econometrica, 19 (3): 273–292.
 
16.
Deloitte [2022], Piłkarska Liga Finansowa – sezon 2021/2022, https://www.slaskibiznes.pl/fi... (accessed on 11.06.2026).
 
17.
Deloitte [2025], Deloitte Annual Review of Football Finance: European football market revenue increased 8% in 2023/24 to a record € 38 billion, Deloitte, https://www.deloitte.com/uk/en... (accessed on 11.06.2026).
 
18.
Deprins D., Simar L., Tulkens L. H. [1984], Measuring labor inefficiency in post offices, in: Marchand M., Pestieau P., Tulkens H. (eds.), The Performance of Public Enterprises: Concepts and Measurements: 243–267, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
 
19.
Espitia-Escuer M., García-Cebrián L. I. [2008], Measuring the productivity of Spanish first division soccer teams, European Sport Management Quarterly, 8 (3): 229–246, https://doi.org/10.1080/161847....
 
20.
European Club Association [2012], Study on the transfer system in Europe, https://www.pwc.com/hu/hu/kiad... (accessed on 11.06.2026).
 
21.
Farrell M. J. [1957], The measurement of productive efficiency, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A [General], 120 (3): 253–281.
 
22.
Feng G., Jewell T. [2021], Productivity and efficiency at English football clubs: a random coefficient approach, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 68 (5): 571–604, https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.1....
 
23.
Financial Times [2024], Aston Villa billionaire owner calls for Premier League spending rules reform, https://www.ft.com/content/ffb... (accessed on 11.06.2026).
 
24.
Fischer K., Haucap J. [2021], Does crowd support drive the home advantage in professional football? Evidence from German ghost games during the COVID-19 pandemic, Journal of Sports Economics, 22 (8): 982–1008, https://doi.org/10.1177/152700....
 
25.
Frick B. [2009], Globalization and factor mobility: the impact of the Bosman ruling on player migration in professional soccer, Journal of Sports Economics, 10 (1): 88–106, https://doi.org/10.1177/152700....
 
26.
Frick B. [2011], Performance, salaries, and contract length: empirical evidence from German soccer, International Journal of Sport Finance, 6 (2): 87–118, https://doi.org/10.1177/155862....
 
27.
Frick B., Lee Y. H. [2011], Temporal variations in technical efficiency: evidence from German soccer, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 35 (1): 15–24, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11123....
 
28.
García-del-Barrio P., Szymanski S. [2009], Goal! Profit maximization versus win maximization in soccer, Review of Industrial Organization, 34 (1): 45–68, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151....
 
29.
Gladden J. M., Funk D. C. [2002], Developing an understanding of brand associations in team sport: empirical evidence from consumers of professional sport, Journal of Sport Management, 16 (1): 54–81, https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.16....
 
30.
Gökgöz F., Yalçın E. [2022], A slack-based DEA analysis for the World Cup teams, Team Performance Management, 28 (1–2): 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1108/TPM-07....
 
31.
Grant Thornton [2023], Finansowa Ekstraklasa. Wyniki finansowe klubów piłkarskich PKO Bank Polski Ekstraklasy w sezonie 2022/2023, https://grantthornton.pl/wp-co... (accessed on 11.06.2026).
 
32.
Grant Thornton [2024], Finansowa Ekstraklasa. Wyniki finansowe klubów piłkarskich PKO Bank Polski Ekstraklasy w sezonie 2023/2024, https://grantthornton.pl/wp-co... RAPORT-01-10–2024.pdf (accessed on 11.06.2026).
 
33.
Guzmán I. [2006], Measuring efficiency and sustainable growth in Spanish football teams, European Sport Management Quarterly, 6 (3): 267–287, https://doi.org/10.1080/161847....
 
34.
Haas D., Kocher M. G., Sutter M. [2004], Measuring efficiency of German football teams by data envelopment analysis, Central European Journal of Operations Research, 12 (3): 251, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0262....
 
35.
Jablonsky J. [2022], Individual and team efficiency: a case of the National Hockey League, Central European Journal of Operations Research, 30 (2): 479–494, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10100....
 
36.
Jewell R. T. [2017], Technical efficiency with multi-output, heterogeneous production: a latent class, distance function model of English football, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11123....
 
37.
Kern M., Süssmuth B. [2005], Managerial efficiency in German top league soccer: an econometric analysis of club performances on and off the pitch, German Economic Review, 6 (4): 485–506, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468....
 
38.
Kesenne S. [2015], The Economic Theory of Professional Team Sports: An Analytical Treatment (2nd ed.). Edward Elgar Publish¬ing Cheltenham.
 
39.
Koopmans T. C. [1951], An analysis of production as an efficient combination of activities, in: Koopmans T. C. (ed.), Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation: 33–97, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
 
40.
Kulikova L.I., Goshunova A.V. [2014], Efficiency measurement of professional football clubs: a non-parametric approach, Life Science Journal, 11 (11): 117–122.
 
41.
Meeusen W., Den Broeck J. van [1977], Efficiency estimation from Cobb-Douglas production functions with composed error, International Economic Review, 18 (2): 435–444, https://doi.org/10.2307/252575....
 
42.
Memmert D., Raabe D. [2023], Data analytics in football: positional data collection, modelling and analysis, Routledge, London.
 
43.
Miragaia D., Ferreira J., Carvalho A., Ratten V. [2019], Interactions between financial efficiency and sports performance: data for a sustainable entrepreneurial approach of European professional football clubs, Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 8 (1): 84–102, https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-D....
 
44.
Najtkowski B. [2024], „Organizacyjnie Stal Mielec”. Czy to nadal epitet obraźliwy?, TVP Sport, https://sport.tvp.pl/83770060/... (accessed on 11.06.2026).
 
45.
Narita K., Holmes B., McHale I. [2024], Evaluating immediate leadership contributions using Bayesian analysis: insights from professional football, SSRN Working Paper, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/p... (accessed on 11.06.2026).
 
46.
Nessel K., Havran Z., Máté T. [2022], Heterogeneity of budget constraints in Hungarian and Polish football, in: Storm R., Nielsen K., Havran Z. (eds.), Professional Team Sports and the Soft Budget Constraint: 103–129, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.
 
47.
O’Donnell C. J., Rao D. S.P., Battese G. E. [2008], Metafrontier frameworks for the study of firm-level efficiencies and technology ratios, Empirical Economics, 34 (2): 231–255, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181....
 
48.
Peeters T. [2018], Testing the Wisdom of Crowds in the field: Transfermarkt valuations and international soccer results, Inter¬national Journal of Forecasting, 34 (1): 17–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfo....
 
49.
Peeters T., Szymanski S. [2014], Financial fair play in European football, Economic Policy, 29 (78): 343–390, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0....
 
50.
Pérez-González A., de Carlos P., Alén E. [2022], An analysis of the efficiency of football clubs in the Spanish first division through a two-stage relational network DEA model: a simulation study, Operational Research, 22 (3): 3089–3112, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12351....
 
51.
Piórek S. [2023], Powiedzenie „organizacyjnie Stal Mielec” stało się przeżytkiem?, weszlo.com, https://weszlo.com/2023/01/02/... (accessed on 11.06.2026).
 
52.
Plumley D., Wilson R., Ramchandani G. [2017], Towards a model for measuring holistic performance of professional Football clubs, Soccer and Society, 18 (1): 16–29, https://doi.org/10.1080/146609....
 
53.
Ramchandani G., Plumley D., Davis A., Wilson R. [2023], A review of competitive balance in European football leagues before and after Financial Fair Play regulations, Sustainability, 15 (5), Article 4284, https://doi.org/10.3390/su1505....
 
54.
Rohde M., Breuer C. [2018], Competing by investments or efficiency? Exploring financial and sporting efficiency of club owner¬ship structures in European football, Sport Management Review, 21 (5): 563–581, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.....
 
55.
Rossi G., Goossens D., Di Tanna G. L., Addesa F. [2019], Football team performance efficiency and effectiveness in a corruptive context: the Calciopoli case, European Sport Management Quarterly, 19 (5): 583–604, https://doi.org/10.1080/161847....
 
56.
Scully G. W. [1974], Pay and performance in major league baseball, The American Economic Review, 64 (6): 915–930.
 
57.
Soares de Mello J.C.C.B., Angulo Meza L., Lacerda F. G. [2012], A dea model with a non discritionary variable for olympic evalu¬ation, Pesquisa Operacional, 32 (1): 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-....
 
58.
Stefani R., Pollard R. [2007], Football rating systems for top-level competition: a critical survey, Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 3 (3), https://doi.org/10.2202/1559-0....
 
59.
Terrien M., Scelles N., Morrow S., Maltese L., Durand C. [2017], The win/profit maximisation debate: strategic adaptation as the answer?, Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 7 (2): 121–140, https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-10....
 
60.
Tone K. [2001], A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis, European Journal of Operational Research, 130 (3): 498–509, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-....
 
61.
Transfermarkt [n.d.], Premier League, https://www.transfermarkt.co.u... (accessed on 14.08.2025).
 
62.
UEFA [2025], UEFA five-year association coefficient ranking, https://www.uefa.com/nationala... (accessed on 11.06.2026).
 
63.
Wyszyński A. [2016], Efficiency of football clubs in Poland, Olsztyn Economic Journal, 11 (1): 59–72, http://www.uwm.edu.pl/wne/pods... (accessed on 11.06.2026).
 
64.
Wyszyński A. [2017], Sytuacja finansowa klubów Ekstraklasy w ujęciu metody DEA, Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, 288 (2): 69–99, https://doi.org/10.33119/GN/10....
 
65.
Wyszyński A. [2021], Form of ownership and economic and sports results of football clubs in Poland, Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21: 1142–1149, https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2....
 
eISSN:2300-5238
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top