Technology transfer (TT), being one of the main underlying factors of economic growth and of international economic co-operation conditions, is a characteristic feature of modern expanding economies. Adoption of innovative solutions worked out in advanced economies allows to improve the efficiency of production processes and contributes to redirection of competition and its methods towards non-price forms. Upgrading of the innovative potential in the field of both financing and implementation of new solutions, as well as improvement of competitive ability, seen as an ability to ensure development in an open-economy conditions, are the major problems faced by the Polish economy. Poland’s innovative potential is too limited to guarantee an increase in technological competitiveness. Therefore, the only chance to increase that potential is to create efficient channels of technology transfer, both in the technological and organisational sense. The possibilities for accomplishment of that process should be examined from the point of view of both external equilibrium and lines of long-term development. Improved innovativeness should result in higher competitive ability and better competitive position of the Polish economy, as well as in providing conditions for faster technological convergence. Furthermore, the process of setting technology transfer channels, as well as creation and utilisation of the innovative potential should be analysed in the context of economic transformation, which are related to market liberalisation, macroeconomic stabilisation and institutional changes.