PL EN
RESEARCH PAPER
Systemic and Reputational Risk in the Activities of Rating Agencies
 
More details
Hide details
1
Instytut Bankowości, Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społeczne, Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
 
 
Submission date: 2018-10-10
 
 
Acceptance date: 2019-04-17
 
 
Publication date: 2019-06-24
 
 
GNPJE 2019;298(2):127-148
 
KEYWORDS
JEL CLASSIFICATION CODES
ABSTRACT
This article contains an analysis of the impact channels through which credit rating agencies may affect systemic risk, while raising the research question of whether reputational risk is a sufficient mechanism for disciplining credit rating agencies and motivating them to care for the high quality of ratings. Research into reputational risk for rating agencies has led to the conclusion that credit rating agencies manage reputational risk. During a boom period, they perceive this risk as low and hence they tend to offer overestimated ratings. It is difficult then to show errors in rating decisions, and both issuers and investors benefit from high ratings. It is only during a bearish period that assessments become more diverse and better reflect the actual credit risk, sometimes overestimating it. During such a period, the likelihood of insolvency and therefore the need for a gradual reduction in ratings are higher. This proves the existence of reputation cycles and puts into question the claim that agency ratings are through-the-cycle ratings. Due to the possibility of an independent credit risk assessment of single-name securities, ratings are not usually overestimated for these securities, while the reputation of rating agencies built on the single-name instruments market is transferred to the structured instruments market where risk is underestimated. In order to reduce systemic risk, in both the United States and the European Union, decisions have been made to subject rating agencies to civil liability. There was also a need to define a regulatory framework for rating agencies and to intensify supervision.
 
REFERENCES (58)
1.
Almeida H., Cunha I., Ferreira M. A., Restrepo F. [2017], The Real Effects of Credit Ratings: The Sovereign Ceiling Channel, Journal of Finance, vol. 72, no. 1, February.
 
2.
Altman E. I., Sabri Öncü T., Richardson M., Schmeits A., White L. (2010), Regulation of Rating Agencies, w: Acharya V. V., Cooley T. F., Richardson M. R., Walter I., Regulating Wall Street, The Dodd-Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance, Wiley, New York University Stern School of Business.
 
4.
Amato J. D., Furfine C. H. [2003], Are credit ratings procyclical?, BIS Working Papers, no. 129, BIS.
 
5.
Araújo, L. A., Vinhado F. [2016], Reputational Risk Measurement: Brazilian Banks, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2799....
 
6.
Bernstein J. [1996], Cykle giełdowe, WIG Press, Warszawa.
 
7.
Bolton P., Freixas X., Shapiro J. [2009], The Credit Ratings Game, NBER Working Papers Series, Working Paper 14712.
 
8.
CAINZ [2016], Credit Rating Agencies – Are They to judge?, http://cainz.org/2016/04/20/cr....
 
9.
Candelon B., Gautier A., Petit N. [2014], Market Power in the Credit Rating Industry: State of Play and Proposal for Reforms, CPI Antitrust Chronicle, January 2014 (2), https://ssrn.com/abstract=2392....
 
10.
Ching W. [2015], Defining Reputational Risk, Risk Management Monitor, http://www.riskmanagementmonit..., 8 September.
 
11.
Cichy J. [2015], Agencje ratingowe w unijnych regulacjach prawnych. Dylematy zasadności ich wprowadzania, Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, vol. 47, no. 3, Sectio H, Lublin.
 
12.
Competition and Credit Rating Agencies [2010], https://www.oecd.org/competiti..., DAF/COMP (2010) 29.
 
13.
Coval J., Jurek J., Stafford E. [2008], Re-Examining the Role of Rating Agencies: Lessons from Structured Finance, http://www.people.hbs.edu/esta....
 
14.
CRA III [2013], Rozporządzenie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) nr 462/2013 z dnia 21 maja 2013 r. zmieniające rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1060/2009 w sprawie agencji ratingowych, Dz. U. L 146 z 31.05.2013 r.
 
15.
Diamond D. W. [1984], Financial Intermediation and Delegated Monitoring, Review of Economic Studies, vol. 51 (3), http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/d....
 
16.
Diermeier D. [2008], Measuring and Managing Reputational Risk, Society of Actuaries, Risk Management, no.12, March.
 
17.
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act [2010], Pub. L. No. 111–203, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010), H. R. 4173.
 
18.
Doh-Shin J., Lovo S. [2012], Reputation as an Entry Barrier in the Credit Rating Industry, http:// idei.fr/sites/default/files/medias/doc/wp/2012/jeon_lovo.pdf.
 
19.
Dziawgo D. [1998], Credit rating. Ryzyko i obligacje na międzynarodowym rynku finansowym, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa.
 
20.
Dziawgo D. [2010], Credit rating na międzynarodowym rynku finansowym, Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne, Warszawa.
 
21.
ESMA [2013], Questions and Answers Implementation of the Regulation (EU), no. 462/2013 on Credit Rating Agencies, 30 March 2017, ESMA33-5–87, https://www.esma.europa.eu/sit....
 
22.
Fitch Ratings [2018], Country Ceilings Criteria, https://www.fitchratings.com/s....
 
23.
GTNEWS [2015], Have ratings agencies restored their reputation?, https://www.gtnews.com/article....
 
24.
Goodhart C. A. E. [2008], How, if at all, should Credit Ratings Agencies (CRAs) be Regulated?, LSE Financial Markets Group Paper Series, Special Paper no. 181.
 
25.
Han S. H., Pagano M. S., Shin Y. S. [2010], Rating Agency Reputation, The Global Financial Crisis, and the Cost of Debt, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/p....
 
26.
Hemraj M. [2015], Credit Rating Agencies. Self-regulation, statutory Regulation and Case Law Regulation in the United States and European Union, Springer.
 
27.
Holmstrom B. [2008], Discussion of the Panic of 2007 by Gary Gorton, http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/d....
 
28.
IOSCO [2003], IOSCO Statement of Principles Regarding the Activities of Credit Rating Agencies, A statement of the Technical Committee of the International Organization of Securities Commissions, https://www.iosco.org/library/....
 
29.
IOSCO [2004], Code of Conduct Fundamentals for Credit Rating Agencies, The Technical Committee of the International Organization of Securities Commissions, http://www.iosco.org/library/p....
 
30.
Jovanovic B., Prat J. [2016], Reputation cycles, https://bfi.uchicago.edu/sites....
 
31.
Koleśnik J. [2010], Kształt nadzoru bankowego i regulacji nadzorczych w Unii Europejskiej i w Polsce, w: Instrumenty i regulacje bankowe w czasie kryzysu, J. Nowakowski (red.), Difin, Warszawa.
 
32.
Koleśnik J. [2013], Wpływ agencji ratingowych na bezpieczeństwo systemu bankowego, Zarządzanie i Finanse, nr 2, cz. 1, Wydział Zarządzania Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego.
 
33.
Komisja Europejska [2016], Sprawozdanie Komisji dla Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady dotyczące rozwiązań alternatywnych dla zewnętrznych ratingów kredytowych, sytuacji na rynku ratingów kredytowych, konkurencji i zarządzania w branży ratingów kredytowych, sytuacji na rynku ratingów instrumentów finansowych będących wynikiem sekurytyzacji oraz możliwości utworzenia europejskiej agencji ratingowej, Komisja Europejska, COM (2016), 664 final, Bruksela, 19.10.2016.
 
34.
Komisja Europejska [2016], Study on the State of the Credit Rating Market. Final Report, Markt/2014/257/F4/ST/OP, European Commission, January 2016, https://ec.europa.eu/info/publ....
 
35.
Korzeb Z., Kulpaka P., Niedziółka P. [2019], Deoligopolizacja rynku agencji ratingowych oraz inne inicjatywy na rzecz poprawy jakości ratingów zewnętrznych w kontekście oddziaływania agencji ratingowych na stabilność finansową, Materiały i Studia, nr 333, Narodowy Bank Polski.
 
36.
Lowenstein R. [2008], Triple-A-Failure, New York Times Magazine, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04....
 
37.
Mathis J., McAndrews J. J., Rochet J. Ch. [2009], Rating the raters: Are reputation concerns powerful enough to discipline rating agencies?, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 56, no. 5, July.
 
38.
Mitic P. [2015], Reputation Risk Quantification. Measuring how Simple, Personal, Fair Santander is toward their customers, Willis/IRM Seminar, London.
 
39.
Mitic P. [2018], Reputation Risk: Measured, International, Journal of Safety Engineering, vol. 8, no. 1: 171–180.
 
40.
Moody’s Investors Service [2017], Policy for Sovereign Ratings, Moody’s Investors Service, https://www.moodys.com/uploadp....
 
41.
Moody’s Investors Service [2018], Finance Companies, https://www.moodys.com/researc....
 
42.
Niedziółka P. [2013], Agencje ratingowe – instytucje wczesnego ostrzegania przed kryzysem czy podmioty destabilizujące rynki finansowe?, Zarządzanie i Finanse, nr 2, cz. 1, Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH, Warszawa.
 
43.
Niedziółka P. [2017], Konflikty interesów wpisane w działalność agencji ratingowych oraz koncepcje ukierunkowane na ich pokonywanie, Studia i Prace Kolegium Zarządzania, nr 158, Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie; 96–116.
 
44.
Partnoy F. [2009], Historical Perspectives on the Financial Crisis: Ivar Kreuger, the Credit-Rating Agencies, and Two Theories about the Function, and Dysfunction, of Markets, Yale Journal on Regulation, vol. 26, no. 2, Article 10, http://digitalcommons.law.yale....
 
45.
Perry J., de Fontnouvelle P. [2005], Measuring Reputational Risk: The Market Reaction to Operational Loss Announcement, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.
 
46.
Pym H. [2012], Do credit rating agencies threaten our financial stability?, http://www.bbc.com/news/busine....
 
47.
Rösch D. [2012], Systemic Risk and Credit Ratings, https://research.mbs.ac.uk/acc....
 
48.
SEC [2008], Summary Report of Issues Identified in the Commission Staff ’s Examinations of Select Credit Rating Agencies, United States Securities Commission, July.
 
49.
SEC [2017], Annual Report on Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations, US Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington, December, https://www.sec.gov/ocr.
 
50.
Sethuraman M. [2018], The Effect of Reputation Shocks to Rating Agencies on Corporate Disclosures, Forthcoming in The Accounting Review.
 
51.
Spatt Ch. [2013], Credit Rating Agencies and Systemic Financial Risk, http://www.ei.com/credit-ratin....
 
52.
Standard & Poor’s [2019], General Criteria: Principles of Credit Ratings, https://www.standardandpoors.c....
 
53.
Sy A. N. R. [2009], The Systemic Regulation of Credit Rating Agencies and Rated Markets, IMF.
 
54.
Trouillet J. [2015], Credit rating agencies, shock and public expectations, https://basepub.dauphine.fr/bi....
 
55.
UNCTAD [2015], Credit rating agencies: Junk status, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Policy Brief, no. 39, November 2015, http://unctad.org/en/Publicati....
 
56.
Walter I. [2006], Reputational Risk and Conflicts of Interest in Banking and Finance: The Evidence So Far, Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, http://www.eurekahedge.com/Res....
 
57.
Weiss Hanley K., Nikolova S. [2014], The removal of credit ratings from capital regulation: implications for systemic risk, July 2014: 31, http://www.greta.it/credit/cre....
 
58.
Zygier M. [2015], Charakterystyka i znaczenie ryzyka operacyjnego w działalności bankowej, Nauki o Zarządzaniu, nr 1 (22).
 
eISSN:2300-5238
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top