PL EN
RESEARCH PAPER
Stability and Financial Performance of Banks in European Countries Bordering the Military Conflict in Ukraine
 
More details
Hide details
1
Katedra Inwestycji Finansowych i Zarządzania Ryzykiem, Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wrocławiu, Polska
 
2
Katedra Bankowości i Globalnego Systemu Finansowego, Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie, Polska
 
These authors had equal contribution to this work
 
 
Submission date: 2023-09-29
 
 
Final revision date: 2023-12-26
 
 
Acceptance date: 2024-02-19
 
 
Publication date: 2024-06-28
 
 
Corresponding author
Marta Anita Karaś   

Katedra Inwestycji Finansowych i Zarządzania Ryzykiem, Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wrocławiu, Polska
 
 
GNPJE 2024;318(2):64-111
 
KEYWORDS
JEL CLASSIFICATION CODES
ABSTRACT
The paper examines the impact of the war in Ukraine on the financial condition and stability of banks in Central and Eastern European nations directly bordering on the countries involved in the military conflict, i.e., Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus. The research sample, consisting of 93 banks and 45 analysed variables, was selected based on the systematic literature review presented. The empirical study uses the system generalised method of moments (SGMM). To capture the studied impact, both binary and interactive variables were used. The results are discussed in relation to banking variables and those related to the macroeconomic situation. The study allowed us to conclude that there has been no significant deterioration in the capital position of banks. However, it showed a significant negative impact of several variables on the condition and stability of the studied banks, as captured by other indicators. Additionally, the significance of 22 interactive variables indicates that the war in Ukraine has had a real impact on banks in the examined countries. Moreover, the results suggest that banks in countries with higher debt or budget deficits may be more affected by the war.
FUNDING
Sources of funding: National Science Centre, Project No. UMO2018/29/N/HS4/02783.
REFERENCES (123)
1.
Abbassi W., Kumari V., Pandey D. K. [2023], What makes firms vulnerable to the Russia – Ukraine crisis?, The Journal of Risk Finance, 24 (1): 24–39, https://doi.org/10.1108/JRF-05....
 
2.
Adekoya O. B., Oliyide J. A., Yaya O. S., Al-Faryan M. A. S. [2022], Does oil connect differently with prominent assets during war? Analysis of intra-day data during the Russia – Ukraine saga, Resources Policy, 77: 102728, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reso....
 
3.
Ahmed S., Hasan M. M., Kamal M. R. [2023], Russia–Ukraine crisis: The effects on the European stock market, European Financial Management, 29 (4): 1078–1118, https://doi.org/10.1111/eufm.1....
 
4.
Alam Md. K., Tabash M. I., Billah M., Kumar S., Anagreh S. [2022], The Impacts of the Russia–Ukraine Invasion on Global Markets and Commodities: A Dynamic Connectedness among G7 and BRIC Markets, Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15 (8): 352, https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15....
 
5.
Alińska A., Wasiak K. [2014], Czy stabilność systemu finansowego można uznać za dobro publiczne?, Studia Ekonomiczne/Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach, 198: 13–34.
 
6.
Aliu F., Hašková S., Bajra U. Q. [2023], Consequences of Russian invasion on Ukraine: Evidence from foreign exchange rates, The Journal of Risk Finance, 24 (1): 40–58, https://doi.org/10.1108/JRF-05....
 
7.
Allen S. H. [2022], The uncertain impact of sanctions on Russia, Nature Human Behaviour, 6 (6): 761–762, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562....
 
8.
Allen W. A., Wood G. [2006], Defining and achieving financial stability, Journal of Financial Stability, 2 (2): 152–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.....
 
9.
Al-Qudah A. M. A. [2014], The determinants of capital structure of listed banks in Jordan: panel data analysis, International Journal of Economics and Business Research, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 8 (1): 36–46, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEBR.....
 
10.
Altman E. I., Iwanicz-Drozdowska M., Laitinen E. K., Suvas A. [2017], Financial Distress Prediction in an International Context: A Review and Empirical Analysis of Altman’s Z-Score Model, Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting, 28 (2): 131–171, https://doi.org/10.1111/jifm.1....
 
11.
Andreß H.‑J., Golsch K., Schmidt A. W. [2013], Applied Panel Data Analysis for Economic and Social Surveys. Berlin, Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
 
12.
Antonakakis N., Gupta R., Kollias C., Papadamou S. [2017], Geopolitical risks and the oil-stock nexus over 1899–2016, Finance Research Letters, 23: 165–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.....
 
13.
Athari S. A. [2021], Domestic political risk, global economic policy uncertainty, and banks’ profitability: Evidence from Ukrainian banks, Post-Communist Economies, 33 (4): 458–483. https://doi.org/10.1080/146313....
 
14.
BankFocus [2023], https://login.bvdinfo.com/R0/B... (dostęp: 19.08.2023).
 
15.
Bateni L., Vakilifard H., Asghari F. [2014], The Influential Factors on Capital Adequacy Ratio in Iranian Banks, International Journal of Economics and Finance, 6 (11), http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef....
 
16.
Batten J. A., Choudhury T., Kinateder H., Wagner N. F. [2022], Volatility Impacts on the European Banking Sector: GFC and COVID-19, Annals of Operations Research, 330: 335–360.
 
17.
BIS [2023], https://data.bis.org (dostęp: 19.08.2023).
 
18.
Blundell R., Bond S. [1998], Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models, Journal of Econometrics, 87 (1), https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-....
 
19.
Boda M., Karaś M. [2023], Wpływ kwestii ESG na stabilność finansową banków notowanych na giełdach Europejskich, Bezpieczny Bank, 91 (2), https://doi.org/10.26354/bb.6.....
 
20.
Bond S. R. [2002], Dynamic panel data models: a guide to micro data methods and practice, Portuguese Economic Journal, 1: 141–162, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258....
 
21.
Bongini P., Iwanicz-Drozdowska M., Smaga P., Witkowski B. [2017], The Role of Foreign Capital in the Banking Sector for Financial Stability and Economic Development In Post-Communist Countries, Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie Skłodowska, sectio H, Oeconomia, 51 (5): 129–137, https://doi.org/10.17951/h.201....
 
22.
Borges M. R., Tavares A. S. [2020], Determinants of bank performance in the context of crisis: A panel data analysis for Portugal, European Research Studies Journal, 23 (4): 674–686.
 
23.
Boubaker S., Goodell J. W., Pandey D. K., Kumari V. [2022], Heterogeneous impacts of wars on global equity markets: Evidence from the invasion of Ukraine, Finance Research Letters, 48: 102934, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.....
 
24.
Boubaker S., Nguyen N., Trinh V. Q., Vu T. [2023], Market reaction to the Russian Ukrainian war: A global analysis of the banking industry, Review of Accounting and Finance, 22 (1): 123–153, https://doi.org/10.1108/RAF-10....
 
25.
Bougias A., Episcopos A., Leledakis G. N. [2022], Valuation of European firms during the Russia–Ukraine war, Economics Letters, 218: 110750, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ....
 
26.
Brune A., Hens T., Rieger M. O., Wang M. [2015], The war puzzle: Contradictory effects of international conflicts on stock markets, International Review of Economics, 62 (1): 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232....
 
27.
BŚ [2023], https://databank.worldbank.org (dostęp: 19.08.2023).
 
28.
Caporale G. M., Gil-Alana L., Plastun A., Makarenko I. [2016], Long memory in the Ukrainian stock market and financial crises, Journal of Economics and Finance, 40 (2): 235–257, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12197....
 
29.
Carmignani F., Kler P. [2018], Your war, my problem: How conflict in a neighbour country hurts domestic development, Economic Modelling, 70: 484–495, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ....
 
30.
Chiaramonte L., Croci E., Poli F. [2015], Should we trust the Z-score? Evidence from the European Banking Industry, Global Finance Journal, 28: 111–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.....
 
31.
Choi J. J., Elyasiani E., Kopecky K. J. [1992], The sensitivity of bank stock returns to market, interest and exchange rate risks, Journal of Banking and Finance, 16 (5): 983–1004, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4....
 
32.
Chortane S. G., Pandey D. K. [2022], Does the Russia-Ukraine war lead to currency asymmetries? A US dollar tale, The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 26: e00265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca....
 
33.
Choudhry T. [2010], World War II events and the Dow Jones industrial index, Journal of Banking and Finance, 34 (5): 1022– 1031, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jban....
 
34.
Čihák M. [2006], How Do Central Banks Write on Financial Stability?, SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 920255, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstra....
 
35.
Constantinos A., Sofoklis V. [2009], Determinants of bank profitability: Evidence from the Greek banking sector, Economic Annals, 54, http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/EKA0....
 
36.
Country Economy [2023], Moldavia, https://countryeconomy.com (dostęp: 24.08.2023).
 
37.
Crozet M., Hinz J. [2020], Friendly fire: The trade impact of the Russia sanctions and counter-sanctions, Economic Policy, 35 (101): 97–146, https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic....
 
38.
Dańska-Borsiak B. [2011], Dynamiczne modele panelowe w badaniach ekonomicznych, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź.
 
39.
Diaconu I. R., Oanea D.‑C. [2015], Determinants of Bank’s Stability. Evidence from CreditCoop, Procedia Economics and Finance, 32: 488–495, https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-....
 
40.
Eksi O., Onur Tas B. K. [2022], Time-varying effect of uncertainty shocks on unemployment, Economic Modelling, 110: 105810, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ....
 
41.
El-Ansary O., Hafez H. [2015], Determinants of Capital Adequacy Ratio: An Empirical Study on Egyptian Banks, Corporate Ownership and Control, 13 (1), https://ssrn.com/abstract=2708....
 
42.
Estrada M. A. R., Koutronas E. [2022], The impact of the Russian Aggression against Ukraine on the Russia-EU Trade, Journal of Policy Modeling, 44 (3): 599–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpol....
 
43.
EBC [2023], https://sdw.ecb.europa.eu (dostęp: 24.08.2023).
 
44.
Eurostat [2023], https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/... (dostęp: 1.09.2023).
 
45.
Fang Y., Shao Z. [2022], The Russia-Ukraine conflict and volatility risk of commodity markets, Finance Research Letters, 50: 103264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.....
 
46.
Fiszeder P., Małecka M. [2022], Forecasting volatility during the outbreak of Russian invasion of Ukraine: Application to commodities, stock indices, currencies, and cryptocurrencies. Equilibrium, 17 (4): 939–967, https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.20....
 
47.
Frey B., Kucher M. [2001], Wars and Markets: How Bond Values Reflect the Second World War, Economica, 68 (271): 317– 333, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0....
 
48.
Frey B. S., Kucher M. [2000], World War II as reflected on capital markets, Economics Letters, 69 (2): 187–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-....
 
49.
Frey B. S., Waldenström D. [2004], Markets work in war: World War II reflected in the Zurich and Stockholm bond markets, Financial History Review, 11 (1): 51–67, https://doi.org/10.1017/S09685....
 
50.
Goczek Ł. [2012], Metody ekonometryczne w modelach wzrostu gospodarczego, Gospodarka Narodowa, 10 (254).
 
51.
Gong X., Xu J. [2022], Geopolitical risk and dynamic connectedness between commodity markets, Energy Economics, 110: 106028, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enec....
 
52.
Gorczyńska M. [2013], Stabilność finansowa a zrównoważony rozwój przedsiębiorstwa, Zarządzanie i Finanse, 2 (2): 99–110.
 
53.
Grice J. S., Ingram R. W. [2001], Tests of the generalizability of Altman’s bankruptcy prediction model, Journal of Business Research, 54 (1): 53–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-....
 
54.
Gronowska A. [2021], Wpływ nadzoru ostrożnościowego na stabilność finansową banków w wybranych krajach Europy, Bezpieczny Bank, 2 (83), https://doi.org/10.26354/bb.2.....
 
55.
Gronowska A., Kil K. [2021], The Supervisory Model and Level of Implementation of the BCBS Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision: Are They Determinants of Bank Financial Stability?, w: Balcerzak A. P., Pietryka I. (red.), Contemporary Issues in Economy: Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Economics: Finance, Instytut Badań Gospodarczych Olsztyn.
 
56.
Ha N. T. T., Quyen P. G. [2018], The Impact of Funding Liquidity on Risk-taking Behaviour of Vietnamese Banks: Approaching by Z-Score Measure, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8 (3): 29–35.
 
57.
Hakimi A., Zaghdoudi K., Zaghdoudi T., Djebali N. [2017], What Threatens Tunisian Banking Stability? Bayesian Model Versus Panel Data Analysis, The International Journal of Business and Finance Research, 11 (2): 21–37.
 
58.
Hoffmann M., Neuenkirch M. [2017], The pro-Russian conflict and its impact on stock returns in Russia and the Ukraine, International Economics and Economic Policy, 14 (1): 61–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10368....
 
59.
Huong T. T. X., Nga T. T. T., Oanh T. T. K. [2021], Liquidity risk and bank performance in Southeast Asian countries: a dynamic panel approach, Quantitative Finance and Economics, 5 (1): 111–133, https://doi.org/10.3934/QFE.20....
 
60.
Isayas Y. N. [2022], Determinants of banks’ profitability: Empirical evidence from banks in Ethiopia, Cogent Economics and Finance, 10 (1): 2031433, https://doi.org/10.1080/233220....
 
61.
Islam Md. S., Nishiyama S. [2016], The Determinants of Bank Profitability: Dynamic Panel Evidence from South Asian Countries, Journal of Applied Finance and Banking, 6 (3): 77–97.
 
62.
Iwanicz-Drozdowska M., Smaga P., Witkowski B. [2017], Role of Foreign Capital in Stability of Banking Sectors in CESEE Countrie, Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver). Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, 67 (6): 492–511.
 
63.
Izzeldin M., Muradoğlu Y. G., Pappas V., Petropoulou A., Sivaprasad S. [2023], The impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on global financial markets, International Review of Financial Analysis, 87: 102598, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa....
 
64.
Jabłoński A. [2015], Stabilność finansowa przedsiębiorstwa a jego model biznesu, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach. Administracja i Zarządzanie, 31 (104): 87–96.
 
65.
Jajuga K., Karaś M., Kuziak K., Szczepaniak W. [2017], Ryzyko systemu finansowego, Materiały i Studia. Narodowy Bank Polski, 329, https://www.nbp.pl/publikacje/... (dostęp: 6.10.2022).
 
66.
Jouini J., Obeid R., Saro H., Zaidi K. [2021], Sensitivity of Capital Adequacy Ratio to Bank-Specific and Economic Factors in the Arab Banking Sector, Financial Sector Development Studies, 10, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn....
 
67.
Jurkowska A. [2018], Polski sektor bankowy wobec ryzyka systemowego. Analiza banków giełdowych, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie, Kraków.
 
68.
Kalogiannidis S., Chatzitheodoridis F., Kalfas D., Kontsas S., Toska E. [2022], The Economic Impact of Russia’s Ukraine Conflict on the EU Fuel Markets, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12 (6): 37–49, https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep....
 
69.
Kamal M. R., Ahmed S., Hasan M. M. [2023], The impact of the Russia-Ukraine crisis on the stock market: Evidence from Australia, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 79: 102036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacf....
 
70.
Karaś M., Szczepaniak W. [2021], Three Ways to Improve the Systemic Risk Analysis of the Central and Eastern European Region using SRISK and CoVaR, Journal of Credit Risk, 17 (2). https://papers.ssrn.com/abstra....
 
71.
Karkowska R. [2018], Związek nietradycyjnej działalności banków i ich stabilności w kontekście restrykcyjności regulacji bankowych, Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu / Research Papers of Wrocław University of Economics, 531: 211–220, https://doi.org/10.15611/pn.20....
 
72.
Karkowska R., Korolczuk M. [2017], Zastosowanie wskaźnika Z‑score w badaniu niestabilności sektora bankowego w krajach europejskich, Studia Ekonomiczne. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Katowicach, 325: 81–94.
 
73.
Khan S. [2022], Determinants of Banks Profitability: An Evidence from GCC Countries, Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice, 11 (3): 99–116, https://doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-....
 
74.
Kil K. [2015], Determinanty bezpieczeństwa finansowego banków giełdowych w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Zarządzanie Finansami i Rachunkowość, 3 (4): 5–17, https://sj.wne.sggw.pl/pdf/dow... (dostęp: 13.09.2023).
 
75.
Kil K. [2018], Stabilność finansowa banków spółdzielczych w Polsce w świetle pokryzysowych zmian regulacyjnych, Poltext, Warszawa.
 
76.
Klepczarek E. [2015], Determinants Of European Banks’ Capital Adequacy, Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe, 18 (4): 81–98.
 
77.
Kozłowski Ł. [2016], Banki spółdzielcze a deponenci. Empiryczna analiza oddziaływań dyscyplinujących, Poltext, Warszawa.
 
78.
Kumari V., Kumar G., Pandey D. K. [2023], Are the European Union stock markets vulnerable to the Russia–Ukraine war?, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 37: 100793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef....
 
79.
Kurowski Ł., Gajewski K. [2021], Agency Problems in Multinational Banks: Does Parent Complexity Affect the Risk-Taking of Subsidiaries?, Journal of Credit Risk, 4 (17). https://papers.ssrn.com/abstra....
 
80.
LB [2023], https://www.bank.lv/en/statist... (dostęp 19.08.2023).
 
81.
Li X., Tripe D., Malone C., Smith D. [2019], Measuring systemic risk contribution: the Leave-One-Out z-score method, Finance Research Letters, 36: 101316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.....
 
82.
Lo G.‑D., Marcelin I., Bassène T., Sène B. [2022], The Russo-Ukrainian war and financial markets: The role of dependence on Russian commodities, Finance Research Letters, 50: 103194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.....
 
83.
Lyócsa Š., Plíhal T. [2022], Russia’s ruble during the onset of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022: The role of implied volatility and attention, Finance Research Letters, 48: 102995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.....
 
84.
Martins A. M., Correia P., Gouveia R. [2023], Russia-Ukraine conflict: The effect on European banks’ stock market returns, Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 67: 100786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulf....
 
85.
Mattera M., Soto, F. [2023], Dodging the bullet: Overcoming the financial impact of Ukraine armed conflict with sustainable business strategies and environmental approaches, The Journal of Risk Finance, 24 (1): 122–142, https://doi.org/10.1108/JRF-04....
 
86.
Menicucci E., Paolucci G. [2016], The determinants of bank profitability: empirical evidence from European banking sector, Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 14 (1): 86–115, https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-0....
 
87.
Mergaerts F., Vander Vennet R. [2016], Business models and bank performance: A long-term perspective, Journal of Financial Stability, 22: 57–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.....
 
88.
MFW [2023], https://data.imf.org/?sk=388df... (dostęp: 20.08.2023).
 
89.
Miklaszewska E., Kil K. [2016], Bank-Specific, Macroeconomic or Structural Variables: Which Explains Bank Enterprise Lending? The Evidence from Transition Countries, w: Carbó Valverde S., Cuadros Solas P. J., Rodríguez Fernández F. (red.), Bank Funding, Financial Instruments and Decision-Making in the Banking Industry: 63–94, Palgrave Macmillan.
 
90.
Miklaszewska E., Kil K. [2023], The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Bank Stability and Performance in the CEE Region. COVID-19 and European Banking Performance, w: Wachtel P., Miklaszewska-Abingdon E. (red.), Resilience, Recovery and Sustainability, 117–145, Routledge, New York.
 
91.
Miklaszewska E., Kil K., Idzik M. [2021], How the COVID-19 Pandemic Affects Bank Risks and Returns: Evidence from EU Members in Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe, Risks, 9: 180, https://doi.org/10.3390/risks9....
 
92.
Miklaszewska E., Kil K., Pawłowska M. [2020], Is reputational risk important for bank performance? Evidence from CEE-11 countries, Argumenta Oeconomica, 2 (45): 31–51, https://doi.org/10.15611/aoe.2....
 
93.
Naoaj M. S. [2023], Exploring the Determinants of Capital Adequacy in Commercial Banks: A Study of Bangladesh’s Banking Sector, European Journal of Business and Management Research, 8 (2), March, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv....
 
94.
NBC [2023], https://www.bnb.bg/Statistics/... (dostęp: 19.08.2023).
 
95.
NBM [2023], http://www.bnm.md/en/content/n... (dostęp: 19.08.2023).
 
96.
NBP [2023], Raporty o stabilności systemu finansowego, https://nbp.pl/system-finansow... finansowego (dostęp: 1.06.2023).
 
97.
Nikolaj S. S., Draženović B. O., Buterin V. [2022], Deposit insurance, banking stability and banking indicators, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35 (1): 5632–5649, https://doi.org/10.1080/133167....
 
98.
Obeid R. [2023], Determinants of Capital Adequacy Ratio in the Banking Sector: Evidence from the Arab Region, International Journal of Business and Management, 18 (5), https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v....
 
99.
Oja K. [2015], No milk for the bear: The impact on the Baltic states of Russia’s counter-sanctions, Baltic Journal of Economics, 15 (1): 38–49, https://doi.org/10.1080/140609....
 
100.
Olszak M., Kowalska I. [2016], Determinants of leverage and liquidity and bank size – cross-country study, Bezpieczny Bank, 4 (65): 27–59, https://archiwalna.bfg.pl/wp-c... (dostęp: 13.09.2023).
 
101.
Pandey D. K., Assaf R., Rai V. K. [2023], Did the Indian stock market sail the Russia-Ukraine storm safely?, The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 28: e00319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca....
 
102.
Rogowski W., Mesjasz C. [2012], Definicje stabilności finansowej w: Urbanek P. (red.), Nadzór korporacyjny a stabilność sektora finansowego, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź.
 
103.
Saâdaoui F., Ben Jabeur S., Goodell J. W. [2022], Causality of geopolitical risk on food prices: Considering the Russo–Ukrainian conflict, Finance Research Letters, 49: 103103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.....
 
104.
Sedrakyan G. S. [2022], Ukraine war-induced sanctions against Russia: Consequences on transition economies, Journal of Policy Modeling, 44 (5): 863–885, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpol....
 
105.
Shingjergji A., Hyseni Msc. [2015], The determinants of the capital adequacy ratio in the Albanian banking system during 2007–2014, International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3 (1): 1–10.
 
106.
Shkvarchuk L., Slav’yuk R., [2019], The Financial Behavior of Households in Ukraine, Journal of Competitiveness, 11 (3): 144–159, https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.20....
 
107.
Silva W., Kimura H., Amorim Sobreiro V. [2017], An Analysis of the Literature on Systemic Financial Risk: A Survey, Journal of Financial Stability, 28: 91–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.....
 
108.
Smaga P. [2014], Pomiar stabilności finansowej i rola banku centralnego, Bezpieczny Bank, 4 (57), https://www.bfg.pl/wp-content/... (dostęp: 01.06.2023).
 
109.
Sokhanvar A., Bouri E. [2023], Commodity price shocks related to the war in Ukraine and exchange rates of commodity exporters and importers, Borsa Istanbul Review, 23 (1): 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.....
 
110.
Sokhanvar A., Lee C.‑C. [2023], How do energy price hikes affect exchange rates during the war in Ukraine?, Empirical Economics, 64 (5): 2151–2164, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181....
 
111.
Steinbach S. [2023], The Russia–Ukraine war and global trade reallocations, Economics Letters, 226: 111075, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ....
 
112.
Sun M., Zhang C. [2023], Comprehensive analysis of global stock market reactions to the Russia-Ukraine war, Applied Economics Letters, 30 (18): 2673–2680, https://doi.org/10.1080/135048....
 
113.
Talavera O., Tsapin A., Zholud O. [2012], Macroeconomic uncertainty and bank lending: The case of Ukraine, Economic Systems, 36 (2): 279–293, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecos....
 
114.
Tan Y. [2016], The impacts of risk and competition on bank profitability in China, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 40 (January): 85–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intf....
 
115.
Trabelsi M. A., Trad N. [2017], Profitability and risk in interest-free banking industries: a dynamic panel data analysis, International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 10 (4), 454–469, https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-....
 
116.
Umar Z., Bossman A., Choi S.‑Y., Teplova T. [2022], Does geopolitical risk matter for global asset returns? Evidence from quantileon-quantile regression, Finance Research Letters, 48: 102991, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.....
 
117.
Umar Z., Bossman A., Choi S.‑Y., Vo X. V. [2023], Are short stocks susceptible to geopolitical shocks? Time-Frequency evidence from the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, Finance Research Letters, 52: 103388, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.....
 
118.
Ünvan Y. A. [2020], Determinants of Bank Capital Adequacy Ratio in Ghana, Journal of Yasar University, 15 (58): 160–166, https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasa....
 
119.
Vasylieva T., Lyeonov S., Lyulyov O., Kyrychenko K. [2018], Macroeconomic Stability and Its Impact on the Economic Growth of the Country, Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 14 (1): 159–170.
 
120.
Von Cramon-Taubadel S. [2022], Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine – Implications for Grain Markets and Food Security, German Journal of Agricultural Economics, 71 (5): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.30430/71.20....
 
121.
Włodarczyk A., Szajt M. [2012], Ocena stabilności sytuacji finansowej przedsiębiorstw sektora przemysłu spożywczego na podstawie TMAI, Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych, 13 (1): 234–244.
 
122.
Wu F., Zhan X., Zhou J., Wang M. [2023], Stock market volatility and Russia–Ukraine conflict, Finance Research Letters, 55, 103919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.....
 
123.
Zhang Z., Wu J., Liu Q. [2008], Impacts of Capital Adequacy Regulation on Risk-taking Behaviors of Banking, Systems Engineering, Theory and Practice, 28 (8): 183–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-....
 
eISSN:2300-5238
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top