PL EN
RESEARCH PAPER
Quantification of Changes in the VAT Gap: An Econometric Approach
 
 
More details
Hide details
1
Departament Polityki Makroekonomicznej, Ministerstwo Finansów, Polska
 
2
Katedra Ekonomii Stosowanej, Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie, Polska
 
 
Submission date: 2019-10-17
 
 
Final revision date: 2020-01-24
 
 
Acceptance date: 2020-04-16
 
 
Publication date: 2020-06-30
 
 
Corresponding author
Karolina Konopczak   

Departament Polityki Makroekonomicznej, Ministerstwo Finansów, Polska; Katedra Ekonomii Stosowanej, Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie, Polska
 
 
GNPJE 2020;302(2):25-42
 
KEYWORDS
JEL CLASSIFICATION CODES
ABSTRACT
This article proposes an alternative methodology for estimating changes in the VAT gap that allows for their timely (quarterly) monitoring. It combines two traditions of tax modelling: calculating a discrepancy between theoretical tax liabilities and the amount of tax actually collected, as well as estimating the elasticities of tax revenues. In this approach, the VAT gap trajectory is associated with a changing elasticity of actual tax revenues with respect to theoretical revenues (or, equivalently, the elasticity of actual revenues corrected for changes in the tax system with respect to the tax base). The method was used to estimate changes in the VAT gap in Poland from 2016 to 2018.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the institutions she is affiliated with.
REFERENCES (47)
1.
Adamczyk A., Czyż M. [2015], Determinanty luki podatkowej w VAT w krajach Unii Europej¬skiej, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. Finanse, Rynki Finansowe, Ubezpiecze¬nia, 76 (1): 125–134.
 
2.
Agha A., Haughton J. [1996], Designing VAT Systems: Some Efficiency Considerations, Review of Economics and Statistics, 78 (2): 303–308.
 
3.
Aigner D., Lovell C. K., Schmidt P. [1977], Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models, Journal of Econometrics, 6 (1): 21–37.
 
4.
Bajada C., Schneider F. [2005], The Shadow Economies of the Asia-Pacific, Pacific Economic Review, 10 (3): 379–401.
 
5.
Bierens H., Martins L. [2010], Time-varying cointegration, Econometric Theory, 26 (5): 1453–1490.
 
6.
Breusch T. [2005], The Canadian underground economy: An examination of Giles and Tedds, Canadian Tax Journal, 53 (2): 367–391.
 
7.
Buckland S., Burnham K., Augustin N. [1997], Model selection: an integral part of inference, Biometrics, 53 (2): 603–618.
 
8.
Cagan P. [1958], The demand for currency relative to the total money supply, Journal of Political Economy, 66 (1): 34–46.
 
9.
Christie E., Holzner M. [2006], What Explains Tax Evasion? An Empirical Assessment based on European Data, WIIW Working Papers, 40.
 
10.
Dz.U. [2018] Ustawa z dnia 11 marca 2004 r. o podatku od towarów i usług, Dz.U. 2018, poz. 2174 z późn. zm.
 
11.
Del’Anno R., Schneider F. [2003], The shadow economy of Italy and other OECD countries: what do we know?, Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice, 21 (2–3): 223–245.
 
12.
Engle R., Granger C. W. [1987], Co integration and error correction representation, estimation and testing, Econometrica, 55 (2): 251–276.
 
13.
Frey B., Weck H. [1983], Estimating the shadow economy: a ‘naïve’ approach, Oxford Economic Papers, 35 (1): 23–44.
 
14.
Frey B., Weck-Hanneman H. [1984], The Hidden Economy as an ‘unobserved’ Variable, Euro¬pean Economic Review, 26 (1–2): 33–53.
 
15.
Gemmell N., Hasseldine J. [2012], The tax gap: a methodological review, Advances in Taxation, 20: 203–231.
 
16.
Gemmell N., Hasseldine J. [2015], Taxpayers’ Behavioural Responses and Measures of Tax Compliance ‘Gaps’: A Critique and a New Measure, Fiscal Studies, 35 (3): 275–296.
 
17.
Giles D. [1999], Measuring the Hidden Economy: Implications for Econometric Modelling, Economic Journal, 109 (456): 370–380.
 
18.
Giles D., Tedds L. [2002], Taxes and the Canadian underground economy, Canadian Tax Paper, 106.
 
19.
Giles D., Tedds L., Gugsa W. [2002], The Canadian underground and measured economies, Applied Economics, 34 (18): 2347–2352.
 
20.
Gutmann P. [1977], The Subterranean Economy, Financial Analysts Journal, 33 (6): 26–27.
 
21.
Johansen S. [1988], Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2–3): 231–254.
 
22.
Kaufmann D., Kaliberda A. [1996], Integrating the unofficial economy into the dynamics of post socialist economies: a framework of analyses and evidence, w: Kaminski B. (ed.), Economic Transition in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, London, M. E. Sharpe.
 
23.
Komisja Europejska [2013], Study to quantify and analyse the VAT Gap in the EU-27 Member States, https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_....
 
24.
Komisja Europejska [2014], Update Report to the Study to quantify and analyse the VAT Gap in the EU-27 Member States, https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_....
 
25.
Komisja Europejska [2015], Study to quantify and analyse the VAT Gap in the EU Member States: 2015 Report, https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_....
 
26.
Komisja Europejska [2016a], Study and Reports on the VAT Gap in the EU-28 Member States: 2016 Final Report, https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_....
 
27.
Komisja Europejska [2016b], The Concept of Tax Gaps: Report on VAT Gap Estimation, https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_....
 
28.
Komisja Europejska [2017], Study and Reports on the VAT gap in the EU-28 Member States: 2017 Final Report, https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_....
 
29.
Komisja Europejska [2018], Study and Reports on the VAT gap in the EU-28 Member States: 2018 Final Report, https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_....
 
30.
Koop G., León-González R., Strachan R. [2011], Bayesian Inference in a Time Varying Cointe¬gration Model, Journal of Econometrics, 165 (2): 210–220.
 
31.
Mazur T., Bach D., Juźwik A., Czechowicz I., Bieńkowska J. [2019], Raport na temat wielkości luki podatkowej w podatku VAT w Polsce w latach 2004–2017, MF Opracowania i Analizy, 3, https://www.gov.pl/web/finanse....
 
32.
Nerudova D., Dobranschi M. [2019], Alternative method to measure the VAT gap in the EU: Stochastic tax frontier model approach, PLoS ONE, 14 (1): 1–38.
 
33.
OECD [2002], Measuring the Non-Observed Economy – A Handbook, https://www.oecd.org/ sdd/na/1963116.pdf.
 
34.
Park J., Hahn [1999], Cointegrating Regression with Time Varying Coefficients, Econometric Theory, 15 (5): 664–703.
 
35.
Pesaran H. M., Timmermann A. [2007) Selection of estimation window in the presence of breaks, Journal of Econometrics, 137: 495–510.
 
36.
Pesaran M. H., Shin Y. [1999], An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach to Cointe¬gration Analysis, w: Strom S. (ed.) Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium, Cambridge University Press.
 
37.
Pesaran M. H., Shin Y., Smith R. J. [2001], Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16 (3): 289–326.
 
38.
Rada Ministrów [2019], Sprawozdanie z wykonania Budżetu Państwa za okres od 1 stycznia do 31 grudnia 2018 r., https://www.gov.pl/web/finanse....
 
39.
Reckon [2009], Study to quantify and analyse the VAT gap in the EU-25 Member States, https:// ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/sites/taxation/files/docs/body/reckon_report_sep2009.pdf.
 
40.
Schneider F. [2005], Shadow economies around the world: what do we really know?, European Journal of Political Economy, 21 (3): 598–642.
 
41.
Schneider F., Bühn A. [2013], Estimating the Size of the Shadow Economy: Methods, Problems and Open Questions, CESifo Working Paper, 4448.
 
42.
Szczypińska A. [2019], What drives the VAT gap in the European Union?, Roczniki KAE, 55: 69–82.
 
43.
Tanzi V. [1980], The underground economy in the United States: estimates and implications, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Working Paper, 135.
 
44.
Tanzi V. [1983], The underground economy in the United States: annual estimates, 1930–1980, IMF Staff Paper, 30.
 
45.
Tax Justice Network [2011], The Cost of Tax Abuse. A Briefing Paper on the Cost of Tax Evasion Worldwide, https://www.taxjustice.net/wp-...- TJN-2011.pdf.
 
46.
Zellner A. [1970], Estimation of regression relationships containing unobservable independent Variables, International Economic Review, 11 (3): 441–454.
 
47.
Zidkova H. [2014], Determinants of Vat Gap In EU, Prague Economic Papers, 4: 514–530.
 
eISSN:2300-5238
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top